lyndon b johnson presidency

[70] On March 7, 1965, these organizations began the Selma to Montgomery marches in which Selma residents proceeded to march to Alabama's capital, Montgomery, to highlight voting rights issues and present Governor George Wallace with their grievances. [105] Wilbur Mills, chairman of the key House Ways and Means Committee, had long opposed such reforms, but the election of 1964 had defeated many allies of the AMA and shown that the public supported some version of public medical care. [177] Under the command of General Westmoreland, U.S. forces increasingly engaged in search and destroy operations in South Vietnam. President Lyndon Johnson disliked Wilson, and ignored any "special" relationship. And should we defeat every enemy, and should we double our wealth and conquer the stars, and still be unequal to this issue, then we will have failed as a people and as a nation. President Lyndon Johnson meets in the White House Cabinet Room with top military and defense advisers on Oct. 31, 1968 in Washington. Lyndon B. Johnson. [141], The riots confounded many civil rights activists of both races due to the recent passage of major civil rights legislation. In the 1960 campaign, Lyndon B. Johnson was elected Vice President as John F. Kennedy's running mate. Johnson made eleven international trips to twenty countries during his presidency. [57] Possibly in an attempt to derail the bill,[58] Smith added an amendment to the bill that would ban gender discrimination in employment. Johnson reported for active duty in December 1941 and served in the U.S. Navy as a lieutenant commander until all members of Congress in the military were recalled to Washington in the summer of 1942. Four volumes have been published, running to more than 3,000 pages in total, detailing Johnson's early life, education, and political career. 163–164, Mackenzie and Weisbrot (2008), pp. The presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson began on November 22, 1963, when Lyndon B. Johnson became the 36th president of the United States following the assassination of President John F. Kennedy, and ended on January 20, 1969. The program extended upon the 1965 legislation, but created two new housing finance programs designed for moderate-income families, Section 235 and 236, and vastly expanded support for public housing and urban renewal. He acted as a majority leader, reconciling diverse points of view within his own camp rather than making decisions on the merits of the issue. [29] Marshall would be a consistent liberal voice on the Court until his retirement in 1991, but Fortas stepped down from the Supreme Court in 1969.[30]. [97] The bill quickly passed both houses of Congress by wide margins. ", "Legacy Evolving at a Presidential Library", "LBJ's presidency gets another look as civil rights law marks its 50th anniversary", "Scholars rate worst presidential errors", "Why Comparisons Between L.B.J. Lyndon B. Johnson: Character Traits & Qualities. The Voting Rights Act of 1965 prohibits racial discrimination in voting, and its passage enfranchised millions of Southern African-Americans. [27] When a second vacancy arose in 1967, Johnson appointed Solicitor General Thurgood Marshall to the Court, and Marshall became the first African American Supreme Court justice in U.S. [81], The 1962 publication of The Other America had helped to raise the profile of poverty as a public issue, and the Kennedy administration had begun formulating an anti-poverty initiative. [206], Under the direction of Assistant Secretary of State Thomas C. Mann, the United States placed an emphasis on Kennedy's Alliance for Progress, which provided economic aid to Latin America. Congress, at times augmenting or amending, rapidly enacted Johnson’s recommendations. Anticipating court challenges to his legislative measures, Johnson thought it would be advantageous to have a close confidant on the Supreme Court who could provide him with inside information, and chose prominent attorney and close friend Abe Fortas to fill that role. [121] Johnson also signed the Cuban Adjustment Act, which granted Cuban refugees an easier path to permanent residency and citizenship. "[55], In order for Johnson's civil rights bill to reach the House floor for a vote, the president needed to find a way to circumvent Representative Howard W. Smith, the chairman of the House Rules Committee. His presidency marked the high tide of modern liberalism in the United States. Largely because of the family reunification provision, the overall level of immigration increased far above what had been expected. Leaving the race would allow him to pose as a peacemaker. While he mostly benefitted from the sympathy Americans had for his murdered predecessor, in his own right too he implemented programs for the inception of what he thought would be "THE GREAT SOCIETY" owing to th. This love of the natural land was something that President Johnson shared with his wife, Lady Bird Johnson. At the same time, the New Deal coalition that had unified the Democratic Party dissolved, and Johnson's support base eroded with it. [85] The bill reflected Johnson's belief that the government could best help the impoverished by providing them with economic opportunities. [248] With Johnson's support, Humphrey won the presidential nomination at the tumultuous 1968 Democratic National Convention, held in Chicago in late August. 160–162, Randall B. Address of Senator Lyndon B. Johnson Accepting the Democratic Party Nomination for the Vice Presidency of the United States. They will likely remain that way. [4], Taking up Kennedy's legacy, Johnson declared that "no memorial oration or eulogy could more eloquently honor President Kennedy's memory than the earliest possible passage of the Civil Rights Bill for which he fought so long. On November 22, 1963, when Kennedy was assassinated, Johnson was sworn in as the 36th United States President, with a vision to build "A Great Society" for the American people. Lyndon B. Johnson was born in Stonewall, Texas on August 27, 1908. Presidential Average Approval Ratings: Truman to Bush Truman Kennedy Nixon Carter Bush (41) Bush (43) 0 20 40 60 80. [242], Historians have debated the factors that led to Johnson's surprise decision. [209] Johnson needed and asked for help to maintain American prestige, but Wilson offered only lukewarm verbal support for the Vietnam War. [42] After Johnson took office and agreed to decrease the total federal budget to under $100 billion, Byrd dropped his opposition, clearing the way for the passage of the Revenue Act of 1964. [140] Whites and blacks took part in the riots, but most of the rioters were African Americans who objected to discrimination in housing, employment, and education. "[83] In April 1964, Johnson proposed the Economic Opportunity Act of 1964, which would create the Office of Economic Opportunity (OEO) to oversee local Community Action Agencies charged with dispensing aid to those in poverty. [63] Johnson and the conservative Dirksen reached a compromise in which Dirksen agreed to support the bill, but the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission's enforcement powers were weakened. Where no presidential biographer has understood the full impact of Lady Bird Johnson's work in the White House, Julia Sweig draws on Lady Bird's own voice in her White House diaries to place her at center stage and to reveal a woman ahead ... As death drew close, the 36th president was shadowed by the shame of Vietnam even as he longed to be remembered for his achievements in civil rights—and . The conflict in Vietnam, though, brought him nothing but pain and frustration until his last days in office, and U.S. military involvement in Vietnam continued for four years after his departure from Washington in January 1969. Remarks Upon Arrival at Andrews Air Force Base. Other Kennedy staffers, including National Security Advisor McGeorge Bundy and Larry O'Brien, played important roles in the Johnson administration. 1908-1973 Lyndon B. Johnson, the 36th president of the United States, exercised leadership as he proudly led his nation into a "great society." Johnson took over after the sudden assassination of John F. Kennedy and portrayed one of the greatest skills of political leadership. First he obtained enactment of the measures President Kennedy had been urging at the time of his death–a new civil rights bill and a tax cut. The act banned racial segregation in public accommodations, banned employment discrimination on the basis of race, gender, or religion,[a] and strengthened the federal government's power to investigate racial and gender employment discrimination. Terry's report prompted Congress to pass the Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act in July 1965, requiring cigarette manufacturers to place a warning label on the side of cigarette packs stating: "Caution: Cigarette Smoking May Be Hazardous to Your Health."[156][157]. On September 7, 1964, Johnson's campaign managers broadcast the "Daisy ad," which successfully portrayed Goldwater as a dangerous warmonger. “I shall not seek, nor will I accept, the nomination of my party for another term as your president,” he said in a nationally televised speech on March 31, 1968. The Vietnam War began in 1955 as Communist forces started operating in South Vietnam. Lady Bird Johnson—a soft-spoken but well-educated woman from an affluent family—became a critical part of Johnson’s political success. At the same time, the Palestine Liberation Organization launched terrorist attacks against Israel from bases in the West Bank and the Golan Heights. A comprehensive oral history of Johnson's presidency is presented in the words of the 36th President and some of his closest associates, offering insight into his perspectives on the sweeping changes affecting his time, from Medicare and ... Download today! On January 27, 1967, the nation was stunned when the entire crew of Apollo 1—Gus Grissom, Ed White, and Roger Chaffee—died in a cabin fire during a spacecraft test on the launch pad, stopping the program in its tracks. [233], In the midterm elections, Democrats lost 47 seats in the House to the Republicans, and also three in the Senate. President Lyndon B. Johnson signs the 1964 Civil Rights Act as Martin Luther King, Jr., and others, look on. [73] In Mississippi, the voter registration rate of African Americans rose from 6.7 percent to 59.8 percent between 1964 and 1967, a reflection of a broader increase in African-American voter registration rates. [116], In September 1964, Johnson signed a law establishing the Land and Water Conservation Fund, which aids the purchase of land used for federal and state parks. [182][195], On January 30, 1968, the Viet Cong and the North Vietnamese began the Tet offensive against South Vietnam's five largest cities. [66], Johnson signed the Civil Rights Act of 1964 into law on July 2. ", "Survey of Presidential Leadership – Lyndon Johnson", "How Does Trump Stack Up Against the Best — and Worst — Presidents? [14] Other Kennedy holdovers, including Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara, left office during Johnson's tenure. Despite Johnson’s efforts to end Communist aggression and achieve a settlement, fighting continued. Lyndon B. Johnson, Self: 1960 National Nominating Conventions. The 1967 Newark riots left 26 dead and 1,500 injured, while the 1967 Detroit riot resulted in 43 deaths, 2250 injuries, 4,000 arrests, and millions of dollars worth of property damage. [185] Johnson grew more and more anxious about justifying war casualties, and talked of the need for decisive victory, despite the unpopularity of the cause. Most agree that it was a diplomatic disaster, although some say that it was successful in avoiding the loss of more allies. All Rights Reserved. [61], Johnson convinced Senate Majority Leader Mike Mansfield to put the House bill directly into consideration by the full Senate, bypassing the Senate Judiciary Committee and its segregationist chairman James Eastland. Soon after taking office, Johnson declared a “War on Poverty.” He actively pushed Congress to pass legislation attacking illiteracy, unemployment and racial discrimination. Plan and enrich your visit with the official, free National Park Service app. LBJ was an above-average President. Inspected construction of. If I left the woman I really loved‍—‌the Great Society‍—‌in order to get involved in that bitch of a war on the other side of the world, then I would lose everything at home. Johnson’s presence on the ticket attracted the support of conservative Southern Democrats and helped lift Kennedy to a narrow victory over Republican candidate Richard M. Nixon. President Lyndon B. Johnson's Great Society was a sweeping set of social domestic policy programs initiated by President Lyndon B. Johnson during 1964 and 1965 focusing mainly on eliminating racial injustice and ending poverty in the United States. Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States 211–212, Mackenzie and Weisbrot (2008), pp. Johnson was sworn in as president later that day aboard Air Force One, and immediately reassured a shocked and grieving nation that he would make Kennedy’s progressive vision for America a reality. The following is a timeline of the presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson from January 1, 1968, to January 20, 1969. "[184], By late 1966, multiple sources began to report progress was being made against the North Vietnamese logistics and infrastructure; Johnson was urged from every corner to begin peace discussions. Though she supported her husband’s political career, she shied away from the public role associated with it, and did not even travel to ...read more, Claudia “Lady Bird” Johnson (1912-2007) was an American first lady (1963-69) and the wife of Lyndon Johnson, the 36th president of the United States. Lyndon B. Johnson 46th President of the United States 36th under the US Constitution LYNDON BAINES JOHNSON was born on August 27, 1908 near Stonewall, Gillespie County, Texas. He withdrew troops from the Reconstruction states in order to restore local control and good will, a decision that many perceived ...read more, Andrew Johnson (1808-1875), the 17th U.S. president, assumed office after the assassination of Abraham Lincoln (1809-1865). November 22, 1963. Nixon capitalized on discontent over civil rights to break the Democratic Party's hold on the South. Less than two weeks later, an emotional Robert McNamara announced his resignation as Defense Secretary. He began his career as a teacher. [125], The American public was generally supportive of the Johnson administration's rapid escalation of U.S. military involvement in South Vietnam in late 1964. He began: I speak tonight for the dignity of man and the destiny of democracy. To be eligible a city would need to demonstrate its readiness to "arrest blight and decay and make substantial impact on the development of its entire city." 36th United States President, US Congressman, US Senator. Even with the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the January 1964 ratification of the 24th Amendment, which banned poll taxes, many states continued to effectively disenfranchise African-Americans through mechanisms such as "white primaries" and literacy tests. Lyndon B. Johnson This project is made possible by a grant from the U.S. Institute of Museum and Library Services, administered by the Indiana State Library. Please enable JavaScript to use this feature. Lyndon Baines Johnson was pure Texan. January. 98–99; Mackenzie and Weisbrot (2008), pp. Woods writes that Johnson effectively used appeals to Judeo-Christian ethics to garner support for the civil rights law, stating that "LBJ wrapped white America in a moral straight jacket. Upon taking office, Johnson, also known as LBJ, launched an ambitious slate of progressive reforms aimed at creating a “Great Society” for all Americans. A man widely considered to be one of the most expert and brilliant politicians of his time, Johnson would leave office a little more than five years later as one of the least popular Presidents in American history. [270] Many of the "Longhorn School" are students of Robert Dallek, who has argued that "the jury is still out on Johnson as a foreign policy leader". A continuation of Hanes Walton Jr.’s work on Southern Democratic presidents, Remaking the Democratic Party analyzes the congressional and presidential elections of Lyndon Baines Johnson. Early in the following year, Congress held a series of highly publicized hearings regarding highway safety, and ultimately approved two bills—the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act (NTMVSA) and the Highway Safety Act (HSA)—which the president signed into law on September 9, thus making the federal government responsible for setting and enforcing auto and road safety standards. Following JFK's assassination, Lyndon B. Johnson served as the 36th U.S. president from 1963 until 1969. "[144] The president, fixated on the Vietnam War and keenly aware of budgetary constraints, barely acknowledged the report. Nevertheless, two overriding crises had been gaining momentum since 1965. In late 1966, Congress passed a substantially reduced program costing $900 million, which Johnson later called the Model Cities Program. [46] In the long run, statistical analysis shows that the Official Poverty Rate fell from 19.5 percent in 1963 to 12.3 percent in 2017. [192], With the war arguably in a stalemate and in light of the widespread disapproval of the conflict, Johnson convened a group of veteran government foreign policy experts, informally known as "the Wise Men": Dean Acheson, Gen. Omar Bradley, George Ball, Mac Bundy, Arthur Dean, Douglas Dillon, Abe Fortas, Averell Harriman, Henry Cabot Lodge, Robert Murphy and Max Taylor. About this Lecture. Found inside – Page iPublic Papers of the Presidents of the United States A single-volume, abridged edition of the acclaimed two-volume portrait offers insight into the president's ambitious and demanding personality, his achievements in the White House, and his personal reflections on the challenges of the ... The President began the trip by going to the memorial service for Australian Prime Minister Harold Holt, who had disappeared in a swimming accident and was presumed drowned. Westmoreland and McNamara then recommended a concerted program to promote pacification; Johnson formally placed this effort under military control in October. Still Believe JFK Killed in a Conspiracy", "Horace Busby, 76, Ex-White House Aide and Johnson Adviser", https://www.thebalance.com/us-deficit-by-year-3306306, "How Women Got In on the Civil Rights Act", "The Unmaking of the President: Lyndon Johnson believed that his withdrawal from the 1968 presidential campaign would free him to solidify his legacy", "Great Society at 50: Prince George's illustrates domestic programs' impact — and limits", "Control of Motor Vehicle Emissions: State or Federal Responsibility? 352–353, Kent B. Germany, "Historians and the Many Lyndon Johnsons: A Review Essay", Nicholas Evan Sarantakes, "Lyndon B. Johnson and the World," in. [84] The act would also create the Job Corps, a work-training program, and AmeriCorps VISTA, a domestic version of the Peace Corps. He was nominated by President Johnson, who called it "the right thing to do, the right time to do it, the right man and the right place.". 214–215, Mackenzie and Weisbrot (2008), pp. To support humanists and artists, his administration set up the National Endowment for the Humanities and the National Endowment for the Arts. [16][17][18] Many of the most prominent Kennedy staff appointees, including Ted Sorensen and Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr., left soon after Kennedy's death. [237] By year's end, the Democratic governor of Missouri, Warren E. Hearnes, warned that "frustration over Vietnam; too much federal spending and... taxation; no great public support for your Great Society programs; and ... public disenchantment with the civil rights programs" had eroded the president's standing. He came into office after the death of a popular young President and provided needed continuity and stability. was what he seemed at the time: a president ill at ease in foreign policy who chose to rely on the judgment of the Kennedy team he inherited....When his advisers disagreed, would try to split the difference between them. [103] By 1965, half of Americans over the age of 65 did not have health insurance. [258] The perceived failures of the Vietnam War nurtured disillusionment with government, and the New Deal coalition fell apart in large part due to tensions over the Vietnam War and the 1968 election. [190] In August, Johnson, with the Joint Chiefs' support, decided to expand the air campaign and exempted only Hanoi, Haiphong and a buffer zone with China from the target list. A fifth volume is expected to deal with the bulk of Johnson's presidency and post-presidential years. In the meantime an election establishing a constitutional government in the South was concluded and provided hope for peace talks. Lyndon B. Johnson is nominated to run for the presidency at the Democratic National Convention in Atlantic City, New Jersey.His running mate would be Hubert H. Humphrey.Former Vice President . Lyndon Baines Johnson (LBJ), the 36 th president of the United States, has been described by historians in many ways: an environmentalist, a brilliant politician, a social reformist, and a hero of civil rights. Johnson's key foreign policy advisors were Dean Rusk, George Ball, McGeorge Bundy, Walt Rostow, Robert McNamara and (at the end) Clark Clifford. Johnson was born on August 27, 1908, in central Texas . [126] Altogether, 31 previously scattered agencies were brought under the Department of Transportation, in what was the biggest reorganization of the federal government since the National Security Act of 1947. Johnson's handling of the Vietnam War remains broadly unpopular, but his civil rights initiatives are nearly-universally praised for their role in removing barriers to racial equality. After routing Republican candidate Barry Goldwater by more than 15 million votes in the 1964 presidential election, Johnson introduced a slate of new reforms that he said would build a “Great Society” for all Americans. The memoirs, called The . He felt the pinch of rural poverty as he grew up, working his way through Southwest Texas State Teachers College (now known as Texas State University-San Marcos); he learned compassion for the poverty of others when he taught students of Mexican descent. In the mid-1960s, concerns about the Israeli nuclear weapons program led to increasing tension between Israel and neighboring Arab states, especially Egypt. Lyndon Baines Johnson (/ ˈ l ɪ n d ə n ˈ b eɪ n z /; August 27, 1908 - January 22, 1973), often referred to by his initials LBJ, was the 36th president of the United States, serving from 1963 to 1969.He had previously served as the 37th vice president from 1961 to 1963 under President John F. Kennedy.A Democrat from Texas, Johnson also served as a U.S. representative, U.S. senator and . [229], As he had served less than two years of President Kennedy's term, Johnson was constitutionally eligible for election to a second full term in the 1968 presidential election under the provisions of the 22nd Amendment. "[246] Johnson may also have hoped that the convention would ultimately choose to draft him back into the race. [145] A few days later, in a candid comment made to press secretary George Christian concerning the endemic social unrest in the nation's cities, Johnson remarked, "What did you expect? The fourth group consisted of traditionally segregationist white Southerners like George C. Johnson was brash, blustery, boastful, and often overbearing. The young Johnson ...read more, Eliza Johnson (1810-76) was an American first lady (1865-69) and the wife of Andrew Johnson, the 17th president of the United States. Lyndon B. Johnson was elected vice president of the United States in 1960 and became the 36th president in 1963, following the assassination of John F. Kennedy. He joined a growing list of Johnson's top aides who resigned over the war, including Bill Moyers, McGeorge Bundy, and George Ball. On November 17, 1934, he married Claudia Alta “Lady Bird” Taylor, a fellow Texan with whom he later had two daughters, Lynda and Luci. [210] Wilson and Johnson also differed sharply on British economic weakness and its declining status as a world power. The young Johnson graduated from Southwest State Teachers College (now Texas State University) in San Marcos, Texas, in 1930. "[264] Germany explains: The man who was elected to the White House by one of the widest margins in U.S. history and pushed through as much legislation as any other American politician now seems to be remembered best by the public for succeeding an assassinated hero, steering the country into a quagmire in Vietnam, cheating on his saintly wife, exposing his stitched-up belly, using profanity, picking up dogs by their ears, swimming naked with advisers in the White House pool, and emptying his bowels while conducting official business. Wallace. [253], Humphrey's polling numbers improved after a September 30 speech in which he broke with Johnson's war policy, calling for an end to the bombing of North Vietnam. On November 22, 1963, when Kennedy was assassinated, Johnson was sworn in as the 36th United States President, with a vision to build “A Great Society” for the American people. [211], As the economies of Western Europe recovered, European leaders increasingly sought to recast the alliance as a partnership of equals. Savage, "Management and Vision" in Lerner, ed.. Shirley Ann Warshaw, “Cabinet Government in the Modern Presidency', in James P. Pfiffner and R. Gordon Hoxie, eds, John Massaro, "LBJ and the Fortas Nomination for Chief Justice. In 1953, at age 44, he became the youngest person ever to serve as minority leader of the Senate. In the 1960 campaign, Lyndon B. Johnson was elected Vice President as John F. Kennedy’s running mate. Woods, "The Politics of Idealism: Lyndon Johnson, Civil Rights, and Vietnam. Growing anger with the war stimulated a large antiwar movement based especially on university campuses in the U.S. and abroad. Asked to explain why he was unpopular, Johnson responded, "I am a dominating personality, and when I get things done I don't always please all the people. [224] Early in the 1964 presidential campaign, Goldwater had appeared to be a strong contender, as his support in the South threatened to flip Southern states to the Republican Party. He is one of only four people who served in all four elected . Johnson considered vetoing the bill, but the apparent popularity of the bill convinced him to sign it. "Evaluating the Success of President Johnson's War on Poverty: Revisiting the Historical Record Using a Full-Income Poverty Measure. As part of this effort, Johnson steadily escalated U.S. military involvement in the Vietnam War. He ended the traditional American division of South Asia into 'allies' and 'neutrals' and sought to develop good relations with both India and Pakistan by supplying arms and money to both while maintaining neutrality in their intense border feuds. They started in 1964 with riots in Harlem and the Watts district of Los Angeles both of which were fueled by accusations of police brutality against minority residents. [117] In 1965, First Lady Lady Bird Johnson took the lead in calling for passage of the Highway Beautification Act. [20] Bill Moyers, the youngest member of Johnson's staff, was hired at the outset of Johnson's presidency. ", This page was last edited on 1 September 2021, at 20:17. "[33] By early 1964, Johnson had begun to use the name "Great Society" to describe his domestic program; the term was coined by Richard Goodwin, and drawn from Eric Goldman's observation that the title of Walter Lippman's book The Good Society best captured the totality of president's agenda. [102], Since 1957, many Democrats had advocated for the government to cover the cost of hospital visits for seniors, but the American Medical Association and fiscal conservatives opposed a government role in health insurance. Born on August 27, 1908, Lyndon Baines Johnson was the 36th president of the United States and was sworn into office following the November 1963 assassination of President John F. Kennedy. [179] Most of these soldiers were drafted after leaving high school, and disproportionately came from poor families. College students could obtain deferments. On the other hand, LBJ has been described as an . [213] Johnson also started to cultivate warm personal relations with Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri of India and President Ayub Khan of Pakistan. [152], Following the assassinations of John F. Kennedy, Robert F. Kennedy, and Martin Luther King Jr., as well as mass shootings such as the one perpetrated by Charles Whitman, Johnson pushed for a major gun control law. [164] Johnson was concerned with averting the possibility of nuclear war, and he sought to reduce tensions in Europe. The violent clashes in Chicago between anti-war protesters marred the convention. [81] Johnson also signed a third important education bill in 1965, establishing the Head Start program to provide grants for preschools. Johnson's use of force in ending the civil war alienated many in Latin America, and the region's importance to the administration receded as Johnson's foreign policy became increasingly dominated by the Vietnam War. Show bio. Prior to becoming the 36 th United States President, Lyndon B. Johnson was the second in command to President . [142] Johnson formed an advisory commission, informally known as the Kerner Commission, to explore the causes behind the recurring outbreaks of urban civil disorder. Segregationist Governor George C. Wallace entered several 1964 Democratic presidential primaries, taking a large share of the vote in several states before announcing that he would seek the presidency as an independent or member of a third party. He and the Secret Service, not knowing whether the assassin acted alone or as part of a broader conspiracy, felt compelled to return rapidly to Washington, D.C. Johnson's rush to return to Washington was greeted by some with assertions that he was in too much haste to assume power.
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